Nigerian state, national security, insurgency, boko haram. The groups objective was to establish an islamic state and institutionalize sharia law in nigeria, particularly the northeast region. An overview of the challenges of insurgency in nigeria. Its scholars also wrote the textbooks that were used at all levels of the nigerian education system for many years. By revolting against the repressive regimes of the british monarchies, insurgent action led to harsh repercussions against the colonists, leading to the declaration of independence and the revolutionary war.
Federal university lafia, nigeria abstract this paper explores the humanitarian impact of terrorism in nigeria from the standpoint of boko haram insurgency. Nigeria is a federal republic composed of 36 states and the federal capital territory fct. Pdf it is almost three years ago that a group of northern nigerian militants. It establishes that elite politics accounts for the emergence and escalation of boko haram insurgency in nigeria. In the fifth section, the paper take a cursory look at the counter terrorism. Crisis group interview, nigerien security official, niamey, november 2014. The impact of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national. We need to briefly consider them in turn, based on a rough chronological order. Modern society certainly has faced numerous challenges and insurgency is one such challenge and it has tremendous effects. Pdf boko haram insurgency has constituted a nagging predicament to the. All evidence suggests the early settlement of nigeria millennia before the spread of agriculture 3,000 years ago. In essence, it is a many sided process, which needs to be holistically examined for comprehensive understanding. After years of tension and a series of minor incidents, things finally exploded in july 2009 when a prominent member of boko haram died, and a large number of them were on the way to bury him.
The last decade in nigeria has experienced an increase in violent conflicts and criminality, which tended to undermine those expectations. First, it seeks to provide an understanding of the nigerian military. This insurgency which is often perceived as a frantic. The different issues and interests that are factored into boko haram does not make it amenable to a unilinear perspective. Boko haram emerged from the northern nigeria state of borno. For example, in plateau state, in nigerias middle belt, there have been many outbreaks of bloody violence between different communities since the return of democracy in 1999. The return to democracy in nigeria in may, 1999 brought hopes of development and political stability to nigeria. Elite politics and boko haram insurgency in nigeria 175 conceptualised within the framework of human security. Jamaatul ahlus sunnah lid daawati wal jihad popularly known as boko haram, which means western education is forbidden emerged around 2002 as a local islamic movement mainly for preaching and charity to people in maiduguri borno state. The study adopts a methodology involving redescription of history based on documentary research.
In 2019, the conflict in northeastern nigeria entered its eleventh year. To examine the root causes of insurgency and idps in nigeria. The conflict takes place within the context of longstanding issues of religious violence between nigerias muslim and christian communities, and the insurgents ultimate aim. During the past 8 years, borno state in northeastern nigeria has been at the center of an insurgency that has affected other nigerian states including adamawa, gombe, and yobe and the neighboring lake chad basin countries of cameroon, chad, and niger. Lessons from colombia for curtailing the boko haram insurgency. Third is to understand insurgent groups better, particularly the boko haram sect, and the effects of violence and insurgency on the unity of the nigerian state. Introduction president muhammadu buhari, elected in 2015, has reached out to neighbouring lake chad basin countries, cameroon, chad and niger, and, despite the armys structural weaknesses, mobilised a more powerful military campaign against boko ha. Based on extensive fieldwork conducted with military units in nigeria, counter insurgency in nigeria has two main aims. Historical examination of insurgency as a political and military enterprise. This is against the backdrop of the rising spate of violent attacks. A case study of boko haram, journal of religion in. In 2015 citizens elected president muhammadu buhari of the all progressives congress party to a fouryear term in the first successful democratic transfer of power from a sitting president in the countrys history. In traditional international law, insurgency was not recognized as belligerency, and insurgents lacked the protection customarily extended to belligerents. The focus is on the extent to which illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, weak state capability, the almajiri crisis and the mobilization of ethnoreligious identity explain simmering insurgency in nigeria.
Therefore, in discussing military culture and counterinsurgency, this paper will consider the formation of military cultures, counterinsurgency warfare and combating modern international terrorism by considering strategies for defeating boko haram in nigeria. Using both qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study administered 150 questionnaires out of. Second is to compare peace in other regions of nigeria with the affected northern region of nigeria. The emergence of boko haram insurgency in nigeria has not only affected the strategic calculation of internal security in the country but has also completely altered the shape of the domestic security equation. Therefore, in discussing military culture and counterinsurgency. After decades of vacillating between periods of military rule and democracy, punctuated by coups, the nigerian fourth republic began as general abdusalami abubakar peacefully handed over power to olusegun obasanjo after democratic elections. The university of ibadan was the first university to open in nigeria, and its scholars set up the history departments at most of nigeria s other universities, spreading the ibadan historiography.
Timeline of boko haram insurgency in nigeria from 2009 till. This book offers a detailed examination of the counterinsurgency operations undertaken by the nigerian military against boko haram between 2011 and 2017. Boko haram activities in the northeast of nigeria have created a serious security threat to nigeria and. Since 2009 the group has carried out largescale acts of violence. Such a process will be complex and needs to take into account the origin. Timeline of boko haram insurgency in nigeria from 2009.
The problem of insurgency has for several decades occupied a good part of the attention of ir scholars. Based on extensive fieldwork conducted with military units in nigeria, counterinsurgency in nigeria has two main aims. Pdf boko haram insurgency in nigeria as a symptom of poverty. The media and boko haram insurgency in nigeria a content. A comparative study of niger delta and boko haram uprisings article pdf available in journal of asian and african studies 502 march 2014 with 7,500 reads. Pdf the niger delta militancy and boko haram insurgency pose the greatest. The general objectives of this study is to examine the trends of insurgency and internally displaced persons idps in nigeria. Insurgency and internally displaced persons idps in. Briggs in the law of nations 1952 described the traditional point of view as follows the existence of civil war or insurrection is a fact. Even before the boko haram insurgency, northeastern nigeria had the lowest. Since 2009 the violence the group has unleashed on the nigerian state is unprecedented in the history of insurgency in the country. In 2015 the group began calling itself islamic state in west africa. These set of militant during the cause of prosecuting their objective have destroyed properties worth billions of naira.
Boko haram insurgency and the counterterrorism policy in. These skilled artisans and ironworkers flourished between the fourth century b. Using both qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study administered 150 questionnaires out of which 120 were dully completed and returned. The study is an overview of the challenges of insurgency in bauchi state with specific reference to bauchi local government area from 20112015. For instance, musa et al 2016, opined that every generation in human history has experience one form of rebellion. Crisis group report, curbing violence in nigeria ii, op. The next subdivision of this paper deals with the historical beginnings and. Conflict and its application for the future 68 to revolution and the current world structure.
Massacre possibly deadliest in boko harams history. Defeating boko haram in nigeria homeland security digital. Pdf the impact of boko haram insurgency on nigerian. The impact of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national security. Boko haram, islamic sectarian movement founded in 2002 in northeastern nigeria. The history of boko haram cannot be disentangled from the immense political change nigeria underwent during the 1999 transition to democracy. Nigeria also has a diverse array of culture, language, ethnicity and religion which is the true beauty of the country. Education is the key to national development in nigeria. Apart from the threat to security, the sect has reconfigured the theme of. Public opinion on the root causes of terrorism and objectives of. The earliest culture in nigeria is identifiable by the distinctive artifacts of the nok people.
As one of the few organisations with fieldbased expertise in the greater sahel and on all four countries caught up in the insurgency cameroon, chad, niger and nigeria crisis group is well placed to analyse boko harams. Introduction nigeria has had a long and unfortunate history of communal conflicts and ethno religious violence. Controlled by the nigerian government controlled by boko haram the islamic state of iraq and the levant variously called isil, isis, is, daesh. This file is licensed under the creative commons attributionshare alike 4. The history of an african jihadist movement princeton, nj. The insurgency of boko haram in nigeria have posed serious security challenges to nigeria in the sense that people were been denied the choice of exercising their natural freedom of movement due to fear of attack from members of boko haram. Insurgency and national security challenges in nigeria. The boko haram fundamentalist islamic group is the first insurgent organization in nigeria to be classified as a terrorist organization by the united states of america and its allies. According to liolio 20, the successful recruitment of the people into the group. Hide footnote several sources noted the presence of a few maghreb arabs among boko haram ranks, and shekau pledged allegiance in march 2015 to is leader abu bakr albaghdadi. Civilianled governance and security in nigeria after boko haram. Boko harams insurgency is fuelled by nigerias history, geopolitical structure, ethnoreligious composition and socioeconomic disparities udounwa 20. Insurgency and internally displaced persons idps in nigeria.
Jan 25, 2018 below is the most comprehensive history of boko haram insurgency in nigeria starting from the first attack in 2009 till date. Pdf prolongation of boko haram insurgency in nigeria. The conflict takes place within the context of longstanding issues of religious violence between nigeria s muslim and christian communities, and the insurgents ultimate aim is to establish an islamic state. For example, in plateau state, in nigerias middle belt, there have been many outbreaks of bloody violence between different communities since the. The insurgency of boko haram, which started as a weak, disorganised, loosely coordinated and inchoate movement, mutated to pose serious threats to national security. Historical background several dominant themes in nigerian history are essential for understanding contemporary nigerian politics and society. Examining the boko haram insurgency in northern nigeria and the quest for a permanent resolution of the crisis joseph olukayode akinbi ph.
The fourth aspect of the paper looks at the antecedent of boko haram as a terrorist group in nigeria. In nigeria, insurgency involving the islamic sect group boko haram the radical islamic sect, jamaatu ahlis sunna liddaawati waljihad people committed to the propagation of the prophets teachings and jihad come to limelight in 2009 after the arrest and subsequent murder of the former leader late muhammed yusuf. Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication nigeria, january. Below is the most comprehensive history of boko haram insurgency in nigeria starting from the first attack in 2009 till date. Dec 25, 2017 the study is an overview of the challenges of insurgency in bauchi state with specific reference to bauchi local government area from 20112015. D department of history, adeyemi federal university of education p. The boko haram insurgency first appeared in maiduguri in borno state, northeast nigeria around 2002.
This paper explores the various perspectives on the formation and radicalization of boko haram in nigeria. The consequences of its violent activities of wanton destruction of lives and. The state of insecurity engendered by boko haram insurgency in nigeria. The end of 2011 general election in nigeria results to mass recognition of another set of militant popularly called boko haram. Previous insurgencies in nigeria have varied in their scope, sophistication and intensity. The study presented the historical analyses of the effect of boko haram insurgency on educational management in northern nigeria. Next, we summarize the history of boko haram and its activities. The threat from boko haram and ansaru the henry jackson society 4 about the authors olivier guitta is the director of research at the henry jackson society, responsible for setting the strategic agenda for the research department and overseeing the societys academic focus, as well as conducting his.
This study adopts poverty theory to examine the threat of boko haram insurgency on nigerian national security. Nigeria has had a long and unfortunate history of communal conflicts and ethnoreligious violence. The boko haram insurgency a heavyhanded or solely military response will not bring peace and may be counterproductive. A case study of boko haram, journal of religion in africa 42. Nigeria binational commission to discuss fur ther actions to end sectarian violence, address land and water concerns, hold perpetrators accountable, and reconcile communities.
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